NARST Strand Descriptions

1. Science Learning, Understanding and Conceptual Change
   How students learn for understanding and conceptual change.

2. Science Learning: Contexts, Characteristics and Interactions
   Learning environments, teacher-student and student-student interactions, and factors related to and/or affecting learning.

3. Science Teaching — Primary School (Grades preK-6): Characteristics and Strategies
   Teacher cognition, content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, instructional materials and strategies.

4. Science Teaching — Middle and High School (Grades 5-12): Characteristics and Strategies
   Teacher cognition; content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, and instructional materials and strategies.

5. College Science Teaching and Learning (Grades 13-20)
   Instructor cognition, content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, student understanding and learning, and conceptual change at postsecondary level.

6. Science Learning in Informal Contexts
   Learning and teaching in museums, outdoor settings, community programs, communications media and after-school programs.

7. Pre-service Science Teacher Education
   Pre-service professional development of teachers, pre-service teacher education programs and policy, field experience, and issues related to pre-service teacher education reform.

8. In-service Science Teacher Education
   Continuing professional development of teachers, in-service teacher education programs and policy, and issues related to in-service teacher education reform.

9. Reflective Practice
   Teacher inquiry, action research, self-study practices, and transformative education.

10. Curriculum, Evaluation, and Assessment
    Curriculum development, change, implementation, dissemination and evaluation, including alternative forms of assessment of teaching and learning.

11. Cultural, Social, and Gender Issues
    Equity and diversity issues: sociocultural, multicultural, bilingual, racial/ethnic, and gender equity studies.

12. Educational Technology
    Computers, interactive multimedia, video and other technologies.

13. History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Science
    Historical, philosophical and social issues of science as related to science education.

14. Environmental Education
    Ecological education; experiential education; education for sustainable development; indigenous science.